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IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES


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Abstract

It is no longer news that climate change has an adverse effect on water resources in Edo state and Nigeria at large, the study examine the relationship between climate change and water resources. Climate change is studied in relation to water resources because the latter is first impacted upon before any other components of the environment. The approach entails identifying the various impact of climate on water resources in Nigeria. The current knowledge of practices is evaluated in order to identify missing gaps to be filled in the adaptation strategies and hence suggestions on necessary complementary mitigation practices are recommended. Such recommended practices include the establishment of drought and flood early warning systems for the country, construction of artificial basins to enhance infiltration in the drought-prone arid region of the country, use of web based sensors in monitoring flood and wave fronts, provision of drains with screens in urban centers, encouragement of low impact development projects and government roles.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the study

Climate change is a long-term shift, alternation or change in the type of climate prevailing over specific location, a region or the entire planet (Ayoade, 2014). Climate change could also be seen as a change in the variability of climate even if average weather conditions remain unchanged (Hengeveld et al., 2012). Variability is an inherent attribute of climate and climate (global or local) has never been static. What is crucial is the degree of variability that the change is subjected to as well as the duration and impact of such variability on man and the ecosystem. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate change as, “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. Climate change refers to variations in weather patterns that can have serious repercussions for mankind and the environment. Climate, water resources, biophysical and socioeconomic systems are interconnected in complex ways such that a change in any one of these induces a change in another. Nigeria like any other developing countries in the sub-Saharan Africa suffers devastating impacts of climate change because of its geographical location, low technological and institutional capacity to adapt to rapid changes in the environment, as well as its great reliance on climate-sensitive renewable natural resources sectors such as water and agriculture (Eboh, 2009). Recent evidence and predictions have indicated that climate changes are accelerating and will lead to wide-ranging shifts in climate variables. Specifically, in 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) effectively put to rest many of the debates surrounding the science of climate change, rendering -evidence solid enough to impel action. It found that warming of the climate system was ‘unequivocal’ and that a number of attendant effects were already observable (Pender, 2008). The range of effects has included a warming of sea water temperature that has given signs such as the collapse of ice shelves in Antarctica, propelling a dangerous sea level rise that now threatens many settlements along the coastal environments, along with pollution and other anthropogenic or human-related- drivers, the very existence of coral reef ecosystems around the world. These changes to our natural world gravely threaten the health and quality of life of many environments that inhabit our coastal zones. Global average temperature is projected to increase to as high as 1.4-5.8oC in the next century compared with temperature levels in the 1990s (Sygna, 2005). The case of overflowing/increase in the volume of the River Niger and the consequent flooding with its attendant ecological disasters in the third week of September, 2012 is very fresh in mind. Various communities along the Niger River valley in Nigeria were affected, with destruction of settlements, farmlands, communication networks, livestock, lives and properties. This has been described as extreme weather events occasioned by global warming. Soil erosion is the gradual destruction of the earth through the action of water and other agencies that weaken the earth surface over a period of time. It has been referred to as the detachment and removal of the topsoil either partially or completely. Soil erosion is the physical process by which soil particles are detached and removed from the ground surface by water and wind (Segura et al., 2014). Observational records and climate projections provide abundant evidence that water resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be strongly impacted by climate change, with wide-ranging consequences for human societies and ecosystems (Bates et al., 2008). The impact of climate change in Nigeria ranges from desertification and drought in the north to gully erosion and flooding in the south with consequent effects on the people, their livelihood, agricultural production, socio-economy and environment. Most of the stated impacts of climate change arise directly or indirectly from lack of (i.e., drought) and/or excess of water (i.e., flood). As a result, conservation and management of water.

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Although the availability of adequate and quality water is crucial to human health, and that water is second to air with regards to its importance to human life, little attention is being paid to how it will be impacted upon by climate change especially at local levels in the developing countries (Buba, 2004 and Nyelong, 2004). Moreover, Mshelia (2015) noted that climate change will impact on the hydrological cycle at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The temporal scales may vary from very short intervals to annual scales while the spatial effect may be local, regional or global. It is on these premises that this paper investigated the impact of climate change on global and Nigeria water resources. This is important because, (Mshelia, 2015) noted that the impact of climate change on water resources will be felt by both developed and developing countries, but more by the developing countries who cannot afford the cost needed for coping strategies. This has adversely been felt in Edo south senatorial district of Edo state. It in view of this that the study becomes pertinent

  • OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study has one objective which is sub-divided into general and specific objectives, the general objective is to examine the impact of climate change on water resources in Edo south senatorial district of Edo state. The specific objectives are;

  1. To examine the impact of climate change on water resources in Edo state
  2. To examine if there is any significant relationship between climate change and availability of water resource in Nigeria
  • To explore the effect of climate change on water availability
  1. To examine the role of government in combatting climate change in Nigeria
    • RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

  1. Is there any impact of climate change on water resources in Edo state?
  2. Is there any significant relationship between climate change and availability of water resource in Nigeria?
  • Does climate change have any effect on water availability in the study area?
  1. Does government play any role in combatting climate change in Nigeria
    • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study

H0: There is no significant relationship between climate change and availability of water resource in Nigeria

H1: There is a significant relationship between climate change and availability of water resource in Nigeria

H0: Climate change does not have any effect on water availability in the study area

H2: Climate change does have an effect on water availability in the study area

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the management and students of geography department as the study seek to explore the impact of climate change on the availability, the study will also be of importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further study, the study will also be of importance to students, teachers, academia’s, researchers and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature and also contribute to knowledge.

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the impact of climate change on water resources in Edo south senatorial district in Edo state. But in the course of the study, there are some factors that limit the scope of the study;

(a) Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.

(b) Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

(c) Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Climate change

Climate change includes both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns

Water

Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms.

Water resources

Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce

 

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

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Author: SPROJECT NG