ABSTRACT
Soaps are the sodium salts or potassium salts of stearic acids or any other fatty acids. They are prepared by the saponification process, which is, reacting the oil which contain triglycerides with caustic soda (NaOH) to give the soap. However different oils have different composition of fatty acids which are responsible for different properties of soaps made out of them. In the present work 5 different types of oils are taken. They are blended in various ratios to prepare 14 different samples of soap. Different properties of these samples were analyzed to see which soap is the best one. The cleansing and lathering properties of all samples were compared. The blend of coconut oil and castor oil at 3:1 ratio is found out to be the best with 76.8% of TFM and 89.46% of yield. The best blend is analyzed for various properties and they were compared with that given in the literature. The saponification values, iodine values of coconut oil and castor oil were found out and these values were also found for the blend. It was found that the blend was having SAP value of 230.4 and iodine value of 40 which are higher than the individual values. Thus soap prepared using blend of both these oils has better properties than the soaps prepared by individual oils.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction:
A soap is a salt of a compound, known as a fatty acid. A soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon
chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end, which has ionic bond with metal ion, usually
sodium or potassium. The hydrocarbon end is non polar which is highly soluble in non polar
substances and the ionic end is soluble in water. The structure of the soap molecule is
represented below:
The cleaning action of soapsbecause of their ability to emulsify or disperse water-insoluble
materials and hold them in the suspension of water. This ability is seen from the molecular
structure of soaps. When soap is added to water that contains oil or other water-insoluble
materials, the soap or detergent molecules surround the oil droplets. The oil is, dissolved in the
alkyl groups of the soap molecules while the ionic end allows it to be dissolved in water. As a
result, the oil droplets are to be dispersed throughout the water and can be washed away.
A number of things affect the soap-making process and the quality of this soap produced. The
characteristics of this soap depend on the quality of oil, and the amounts of the caustic soda and
water used to make it. The speed of the reaction between the oil and the caustic soda is
influenced by free fatty acid content of the oil, the heat of the components before mixing, and
how vigorously the mixing is to be done. Free fatty acid contents, vigorous mixing, and heat,
speed up the given soap-making process.
Castile soap: a mild soap originally made in Spain with pure olive oil. Today many “castile”
soaps are made with other vegetable oils. Castile is agood cleanser, producing a rich lather.
Cream soaps: soaps containing cold cream materials, and moisturizers. Cream soaps are good
for dry and delicate skin
Deodorant soap are soaps to which antibacterial agents have been added to reduce odor-causing
bacteria.
Floating soaps: soaps which have air bubbles incorporated have low density. This causes the bar
to float.
Hypo-allergenic soaps: Mild formula soaps, low in potent irritants. They generally produce a
poor lather.
Milled soaps: these are the most commonly used, mass produced soaps. Milling is referred to the
mixing of colour and soap flakes.
Oatmeal soap: A rough textured soap to which oatmeal has been added as a mild abrasive and
lather. Good for and normal skin.
A good soap is biodegradable when it does not contain chemicals that cannot be made to their
natural elements. Neither does it contain chemicals that can be harmful to the environment or
cause undue destruction to the environment.
A good soap gets dissolved easily and remove stains from the clothes, human skin or any
material being cleaned.
It gets dissolved in water and produces enough suds.
It gives a clear and sparkling kind of cleanliness.
It gives a pleasant smell.
A good soap does not leave sticky traces on the clothes or on the skin.
It has a good color that is even and does not streak.
It disinfects and kills germs.
It does not damage the fibers or textiles.
