ABSTRACT
This project work was undertaken to assess the state of ground water(borehole and well water) and its health implications in Warri metropolis using Uvwie, Udu and Effurun Local Government Area. Samples were collected in six different locations in Warri metropolis. The analysis was centered on the physiochemical parameters considered pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen(DO), biological oxygen demand(BOD), total dissolved solid(TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate, sulphate and faecal coliform. The results showed that Physico-chemical parameters; pH ranged from (3.97-6.62) in the borehole water standard, (5.76 – 6.70) well water; temperature varied from (27.5-29.5) borehole and (27.8-29.5) well water; conductivity ranges from(52-339) borehole and (332-594) well water; turbidity ranges from (0.53-1.23) borehole and (0.99-1.27) well water. Others all in (mg/L); DO ranged from (7.15-7.44) borehole water and, (6.30-7.17); TDS varied from (27 – 176) in borehole and (172-306) well water; TSS varied from (1.0-2.0) and, (1.0-4.0) well water; NO3- ranged from (8.7–20.0) in borehole and, (7.9-35.6) well water, SO42- (<1.0-6.0) in borehole and, (21.0-35.6) well water; BOD (<0.50) borehole and, (56.0-185) well water. Micro-biological parameters; TC (cfu/100ml) were not present in either of the ground water. All values were related to WHO, EPA and FMA standard of water quality. Hence it was therefore recommended that almost all the parameter analyzed for were of the standard of WHO, EPA and FMA which is portable for domestic uses, also with no health implication, except for BOD in well water which was above the WHO standard and pH which was below WHO pH standard would require treatment before usage.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
The mineralogical and chemical composition of clastic sedimentary rocks are controlled by various factors, including (1) the composition of their source rocks, (2) environmental parameters influencing the weathering of source rocks (e.g., atmosphericchemistry, temperature, rainfall and topography), (3) duration of weathering (4)transportation mechanisms of clastic material from source region to depocenters, (5)depositional environment (e.g., marine versus fresh water), and (6) post-depositional processes (e.g., diagenesis, metamorphism) (Hayashi et al., 1997). Numerousinvestigations are substantiating the above aspects pertaining to genesis of both ancient andmodern siliciclastic sediments (e.g., Dickenson et al., 1983; Nesbitt and Young, 1982, 1984; Bhatia, 1983; Roser and Korsch, 1988; McCann, 1991; Condie et al., 1992; Condie, 1993; McLennan et al., 1993; Nesbitt et al., 1996; Cullers, 2000; Hessler and Lowe 2006; Nagarajan et al., 2007; Spalletti et al., 2008). Several studies have also been focused on the identification of palaeotectonic settings of provenances based on geochemical signatures of siliciclastic rocks (e.g., Dickinson and Suczek, 1979; Bhatia, 1983; Bhatia and Crook, 1986; Roser and Korsch 1986; McLennan and Taylor, 1991). Among the terrigenous sedimentary rocks, shales are considered to represent the average crustal composition of the provenance much better than any other siliclastic rocks (e.g., McCulloch and Wasserburg, 1978). Shales retain most of the mineral constituents of the source and their bulk chemistry preserves the near-original signature of the provenance and more faithfully reveal palaeoweathering conditions (e.g., Pettijohn, 1975; Graver and Scott, 1995). The present note examines the geochemistry of sediment from part of the subsurface Niger Delta Basin province, attempts to constrain there paleo redox and tectonic setting and provenance. Owing to limitations of analytical facilities, the present work is based on chemical analyses data of major and select trace elements of the investigated sediment of the study area.
The samples were taken from Y-field in Niger delta. The coordinates of the study area were not given because of the proprietary nature of the data but the estimated location is shown in Figure 1. The Niger delta extends from about longitudes 3∘ E and 9∘ E and latitudes 4∘30 N to 5∘21 N. T he Niger delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria. The Niger delta is situated in the Gulf of Guinea, which northwards merges with the structural basin in the Benue and middle Niger terrain holding thick marine paralic and continental sequence. The onshore portion of the Niger delta province is delineated by the geology of southern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. T he Niger delta was formed as a result of basement tectonics related to the crustal divergence during the late Jurassic to cretaceous continental rifting of Gondwanaland that led to the separation of South American African continents. The Niger delta is large arcuate to lobate tropical constructive wave of dominated type. Active deposition is presently occurring simultaneously in these depobelts under fluviatile conditions where there is interplay between terrestrial and marine influences.
The Niger delta basin to date is the most prolific and economic sedimentary basin in Nigeria. It is an excellent petroleum province. The Niger delta is situated in the Gulf of Guinea and extends throughout the Niger delta province. From the Eocene to the present, the delta has prograded southwestward, forming depobelts that represent the most active portion of the delta at each stage of its development
- These depobelts form one of the largest regressive deltas in the world with an area of some 300,000 km2 [2], a sediment volume of 500,000 km3 [3], and a sediment thickness of over 10 km in the basin depocenter [4].
The Niger delta province contains only one identified petroleum system [2, 5]. This system is referred to here as the tertiary Niger delta (Akata-Agbada) petroleum system.
Figure 1: Generalized and simplified geological map of Niger delta basin as obtained from http://www.intechopen.com.
The maximum extent of the petroleum system coincides with the boundaries of the province. The minimum extent of the system is defined by the areal extent of fields and contains known resources (cumulative production plus proved reserves) of 34.5 billion barrels of oil (BBO), 93.8 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG), and 14.9 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE) [6]. Currently, most of this petroleum is in fields that are onshore or on the continental shelf in waters less than 200 meters deep and occurs primarily in large, relatively simple structures. Among the provinces ranked in the U.S. Geological Survey’s World Energy Assessment [7], the Niger delta province is the twelfth richest in petroleum resources, with 2.2% of the world’s discovered oil and 1.4% of the world’s discovered gas [6].
