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IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON FOOD SECURITY IN DESTINATION AREAS


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Abstract

This study analyzed the effects of rural-urban migration on food security in Calabar municipality, Cross River state, Nigeria. Specifically the study examined the socioeconomic characteristics of the rural urban migration in the study area and determined the food security status in the study area. A total of 300 respondents were randomly selected across 10 villages in the study area. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data collected were analyzed using the percentage and graphical method and Chi-square statistics with the aid of SPSS version 21. The study found out that the three main causes of rural-urban migration in the study area were: search for job, better education and join spouse. Therefore, the study concluded that reduction of rural urban migration and improvement in food security are dependent on these factors. Based on the effects of rural urban migration, it was recommended that government/policy makers come up with policies that would lead to increased rural development and farm mechanization.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the study

Rural urban migration is on the increase in Nigeria with consequences on Agricultural production, urban development and family structure. Migrants think that they have better opportunities to contribute to the family and village development but the long term impact may not be that positive. However a few lucky individuals have returned to the rural areas to make impact in the areas of mechanized farming, monetary remittances and modern market among others to make agriculture more lucrative in their various villages as a way of improving household food security. Food security, a widely debated issue that gained prominence after the World Food Conference of 1974, has attracted so many definitions from various organizations and individual researchers. Food security was defined in the 1974 World Food Summit as “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices”. In Nigeria, there was a general increase in the production of some staple foods during the period. The per-capita food production (calculated based on the combination of all food items which include nuts, pulpses, fruits, cereals, vegetable, sugarcane, starch roots, edible oils, livestock and livestock products) have been on the increase. Thus, rural-urban inequality, resulting in the phenomenal rural-urban migration, has become the prevailing orthodoxy in the conceptualizing the problems and trends of development policy and strategy in Nigeria. However, with the eclipse of the post-independence euphoria in Nigeria whereby the laid down expectations, hopes and visions were eluded and clouded with cynicism, apathy and despair whereas much have been officially expected but with little achievements. With the evaporation of hope and enthusiasm within the socio-economic and political environment, the unfavorable economic conditions facing both the rural and urban habitats have, no doubt, completely degenerated and dilapidated to the extent of weakening the basic foundations of the economy. Even on the political angle alone, the situation is simultaneously affected by the complete breakdown of the political capacity to apply the expedient public policy measures to avert the impending political turmoil within an essentially hostile even though economic resource milieu. A country is food secure when a majority of its population has access to food of adequate quantity consistent with decent existence at all times (Reuttinger,1985, Idachaba, 2004). At the household level, food security refers to the ability of the household to secure food either from its own production or through purchases of adequate food for meeting the dietary needs of all member of the household. The nutritional status of each member of the household depends on several conditions being met. Not only that the food avialable to the household must be shared according to individual needs; the food must be of sufficient variety, quality and safety; but each family member must have good health status in order to benefit from the food consumed (FAO, 2010). Food security is broad concept that has various definitions. However, all definition seems to revolve around three pillars, namely; food availability, accessibility and nutritional factors (World bank 2010). The problem of availability of food can be guaranteed by food production in the country or by trade. Measures to enhance access to food for the household both rural and urban are essential. These measures could be growth in rural non- farm activities been encouraged, promoting agricultural growth, developing the human capital of the households which can be through education and better health facilities and also ensure that the farm household are not excluded from income earning opportunity by social custom or government policies. With all these in place the farm household would be able to overcome the problems associated with availability and accessibility (ESA, 2003).

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Food security is physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet the dietary  needs  and  food  preferences  by  all people,  at  all  times,  for  an  active  and  healthy. The  major  elements  of  food  security  are adequate availability of food, adequate access to food,  appropriate  utilization  of  food,  and protection of access to food. Food availability is derived from domestic agricultural output and net food imports at the national level.  Food availability  for  farm  households  in  rural  areas means assurance that they can access sufficient food  through  their  own  production  or  through purchase   from   markets,   given   sufficient purchasing power. Furthermore, the national living standard survey (NLSS) data collected for rural Nigeria has been used to estimate a multi-national logic model of the economic and demographic determinant of migration and recipes of remittances in rural Nigeria. From the view of literature, it is clear that most of the rural- urban migration studies done in Nigeria virtually excluded the impact of these rural- urban migration on the rural sending communities, and villages in the Calabar municipality are not left out. There is therefore, a need for studies that will determine the impact of rural-urban migration on food security in villages in Calabar municipality.

  • OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study has one main objective which is divided into general and specific objective, the general objective is to examine the impact of rural urban migration on food security in destination areas with emphasis on Calabar municipality, the specific objectives are;

  1. To examine the impact of rural urban migration on food security in Calabar municipality
  2. To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between rural urban migration and food security in Calabar
  • To examine the effect of rural urban migration on agricultural productivity in rural area
  1. To examine the role of rural urban migration of food production in Calabar municipality
    • RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

  1. Is there any impact of rural urban migration on food security in Calabar municipality?
  2. Is there any significant relationship between rural urban migration and food security in Calabar?
  • Does rural urban migration have any effect on agricultural productivity in rural area?
  1. Does rural urban migration play any role of food production in Calabar municipality?
    • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H01: There is no significant relationship between rural urban migration and food security in Calabar

H02: Rural urban migration does not have any effect on agricultural productivity in rural area

H03: Rural urban migration does not have any impact on food security in Calabar municipality

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the management of ministry of agriculture and to the government of Calabar municipality as the study seek to explore the causes of rural urban migration and the adverse consequences that this movement has on food production and security in the study area. The study will also be of great importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further study on a similar topic. The study will also be of great importance to researchers, academia’s, students, teachers, lecturers and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the impact of rural urban migration on food security in destination area with emphasis on Calabar municipality. But in the course of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;

  1. a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
  2. b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
  3. c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Food security

Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation

 Rural area

In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities.

Rural urban migration

Rural-urban migration is a form of so-called internal migration which means a movement within a country and which stays in contrast to international or intercontinental migration

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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Author: SPROJECT NG