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POLITICAL ECONOMY OF KIDNAPPING FOR RANSOM, AND THE DANGER OF TOP BOTTOM APPROACH TO SECURITY


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Abstract

This study examines the political economy of kidnapping for ransom and the danger of top-bottom approach to security. With a view to underscore its implications for security of Akpabuyo LGA of Cross rivers state. This is against the backdrop of the rising incidence and prevalence of the crime in contemporary Nigeria. By way of qualitative analysis, predicated on secondary sources, the paper posits that kidnapping has been motivated and sustained by criminal quest for material accumulation. The paper adds that the situation has been compounded by the growing trend of criminal impunity in Nigeria wherefore the government’s capacity to sanction and deter crime is abysmal. The paper observes that kidnapping portends dangerously for Nigeria’s national security in view of its untoward impacts and implications. The paper submits that crimes like kidnapping would continue to prevail in Nigeria until pragmatic measures are taken to deter their occurrence as well as penalize their commission

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the study

It is no news that government and humanitarian agencies have long had to concern themselves with managing insecurity. The myth of a golden era when humanitarian agencies could work freely and need not be concerned with their security is exactly that (Ackerman X 2014). At least 12,000 kidnap‐for‐ransom situations occur globally each year (McAvoy and Randall 2010). More recently, Bell (2019) provides a higher estimate of 15,000–20,000 kidnapings per year, with fewer than 20% of kidnapings being reported to authorities. The financial cost of kidnaping is high an estimated $50 million in Mexico alone (the number one kidnaping country) and $1.5 billion annually worldwide (Bell, 2019). While kidnap risk may not be a usual or familiar risk consideration for many Boards of Directors or corporate risk managers, as firms become more global and transact business (and have supply chains extending) in wider and more unfamiliar areas, kidnap and ransom (K&R) risk can present an overlooked but tremendously impactful risk consideration to firms when making strategic investment or personnel travel or assignment decisions. Kidnapping is the wholesale taking away of person against the persons’ will usually to hold or confine the person in false imprisonment without legal authority. This may be done for ransom or in furtherance of another crime, or in connection with a child custody dispute (Ottuh & Aitufe, 2014). Kidnapping is the crime of seizing, confining, abducting, transporting and carrying away of a person by force and sometimes subject him or her to involuntary servitude in an attempt to demand for ransom (Ottuh & Aitufe, 2014; Dodo, 2010). Kidnapping is a common law offence requiring that one person takes or carries another away by force or through fraud without lawful excuse. It is the common law offence of intentionally or recklessly detaining the victim without lawful authority (Lewis & Nazer, 2002). One of the most fundamental challenges facing contemporary states is how to ensure national sustainability in the face of manifold and ever bourgeoning security threats. Prominent among these threats is the issue of organized crime (Okoli & Orinya, 2013). Organized crimes are high profile crimes which are often perpetrated through transnational syndication and racketeering. Cases in point include terrorism, piracy, human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundry and kidnapping. Globally, indications are rife to the effect that organized crimes are not only getting prevalent; indeed they are also getting sophisticated and consolidated. There are series of media reports of daily incidents of kidnapping in most Nigeria cities. In Nigeria, it drew public attention from 2006 when militants in the Niger-Delta started kidnapping expatriates for ransom. Today in Nigeria, its a daily occurrence particularly the Niger Delta area of Cross River State (Dodo, 2010; Ottuh & Aitufe, 2014). It has become a national problem that has eaten so deep into the fabric of the nation. The widening scale of kidnapping in Nigeria is a cause for concern as everybody is affected by it directly or indirectly, highway, schools, homes, markets, churches, mosques, hostels, night clubs, wedding reception etc. are all susceptible to kidnapping (Dodo, 2010; Ngwama, 2014). The peace that residents of Calabar, the Cross River state capital, enjoyed over security challenges seem to have been threatened with recent increase in activities of kidnappers who have now succeeded in causing residents sleepless nights. The state security outfit, Operation Akpakwu, had recorded huge success since it was established about five months ago, and had made life unbearable for robbers and kidnappers with tens of them arrested and some killed, but the dare-devil seem to have returned to Calabar. At least, 10 high profile kidnapping has taken place within the past few weeks with latest victims being Rt Hon Dominic Akwa Edem, former House of Assembly Deputy Speaker, and Comrade Ben Ukpepi, Chairman of the NIgeria Labour Congress, NLC. (Ekpo, 2019). It is in view of the above that the researcher intend to examine the effect of political economy of kidnapping for ransom and dangers of top bottom security approach.

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The incident of kidnapping has affected Nigeria’s image as a nation abroad. The global system of mobile communication (GSM) provides the mechanism through which kidnappers use in communicating and negotiating with relations of the kidnapped victims to obtained ransom for freedom. Sometimes, the criminals collect the money and still kill their victims especially if the victim(s) recognized the kidnappers thereby impoverishing the economy by scaring away both local and foreign investors (Udoh, 2012). This has negatively affected socioeconomic development and also increased other social vices in Nigeria (Okorie-Ajah, Nwokeoma & Okpan, 2018). Kidnapping is an offence that is punishable by law in Nigeria. The legal provision is that anybody involved in this act is to face a penalty of 10 years imprisonment. Some states in Nigeria like Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Imo and Rivers have all passed into law in a bill term “Prohibition of Hostage Taking and Related Offences Law”, with death penalty as punishment for offenders (Ubong, 2013). Kidnapping in Calabar Metropolis takes the forms of seizing, detaining, unlawful, force or fraud and remove a person to an undisclosed location against his or her will and usually for use as a hostage to collect ransom (Umoren, 2009; cited in Udoh, 2012). In Nigeria generally and Calabar Metropolis in Cross River State in particular, it has become a life threatening ailment, and a critical variable vitiating national development (Dodo, 2010)

 

 

 

 

Their study narrowed it the Southern Nigeria, where the causal factors might be limited to economic while the dominant factor for kidnapping in the South-south is environmental struggle, and in the Northwestern and Northeastern parts could be poverty and terrorism, respectively. In view of the above, the present study will examine the political economy of kidnapping for ransom and the danger of top-bottom approach to security with emphasis on Akpabuyo LGA of cross River state.

  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The study has one main objective which is sub-divided into general and specific objective. The general objective is to examine the political economy of Kidnapping for ransom and the danger of top-bottom approach to security. The specific objectives are;

  1. To examine the effect of kidnapping for ransom on foreign direct investment in Cross River state
  2. To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and security challenge in Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River state
  • To examine the impact of kidnapping for ransom on the growth of tourism in Cross Rivers state
  1. To ascertain if there is a significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and socio economic development of Akpabuyo LGA of Cross river state.
    • RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

  1. Is there any effect of kidnapping for ransom on foreign direct investment in Cross River state?
  2. Is there any significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and security challenge in Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River state?
  • Does kidnapping for ransom have any impact on the growth of tourism in Cross rivers state?
  1. Is there any significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and socio economic development of Akpabuyo LGA of Cross river state?
    • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were for formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: There is no significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and socio economic development of Akpabuyo LGA of Cross river state

 

H1: There is a significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and socio economic development of Akpabuyo LGA of Cross river state

H0: There is no significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and security challenge in Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River state

H2: There is no significant relationship between kidnapping for ransom and security challenge in Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River state

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Kidnapping has now become a generic word both in public and private discuss going by its prevalence in the country. Literarily, the word, which has become notorious, putrid and nauseating in the ears of virtually everyone is derived from “kid” meaning; child and “nab” which means; to snatch. Adewale (2009) pointed out that kidnapping now appears to be an emerging concern in Nigeria though it is not a new phenomenon. It is as old as the word itself. But the motive may vary from country to country. The study will serve as a guide to a better and safe Nigeria which will eventually lead to socio economic development of the Nation by attracting both local and foreign investors. As the study is focused on a particular region, It will help the government of the state to understand the impediments to the control of kidnapping activities in the state and as well as implementing possible solutions to be a better Akpabuyo LGA where all and sundry will live safely. Finally, it will be an added research work and literature on political economy of kidnapping for ransom and the danger of top-bottom approach to security.

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers political economy of kidnapping for ransom and the danger of top bottom approach to security in Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River state. But in the course of the study, there are some factors that limit the scope of the study;

(a)Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.

(b)Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

(c)Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

 

  • OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Political economy

Political economy is an interdisciplinary branch of the social sciences that focuses on the interrelationships among individuals, governments, and public policy. Political economists study how economic theories such as capitalism, socialism, and communism work in the real world.

Kidnapping

Kidnapping is the unlawful transportation, exportation and confinement of a person against their will. It can include anything from tying someone up, gagging them, or stuffing them in a box.

Ransom

Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice

Security

Security is freedom from, or resilience against, potential harm caused by others.

Insecurity

Insecurity is the lack of confidence or assurance; self-doubt: He is plagued by insecurity. The quality or state of being insecure; instability: the insecurity of her financial position

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion and also recommendations made of the study.

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Author: SPROJECT NG