TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPETR ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research question
1.5 Research hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope and limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of terms
1.9 organization of the study
CHAPETR TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 introduction
2.2 conceptual review
2.3 empirical review
CHAPETR THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1 sources of data collection
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution
3.5 Validation of research instrument
3.6 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introductions
4.2 Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
Appendix
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the influence of parenting styles, parental bond, family cohesion and self-esteem on emotional adjustment of adolescent, The parent child relationship consists of combination of behaviors, feelings and expectations that are unique for particular parent and of a particular child and most experts continue to believe that children’s emotional, cognitive and behavioral development is profoundly affected by ways in which their parents have raised them, This study considered family environment (family cohesion, family conflict) and self-esteem as predictors of psychological adjustment of adolescent.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The family is the most important primary group in society. It is the simplest and the most elementary form of society, it is the most basic of all social grouping and first most immediate social environment to which a child is exposed. It is an outstanding primary group because, it is in the family the child develops his basic attitude through training and teaching. Each child is born into a family which composes parents and possible others and because the children’s lives are centred initially within their families, the family environment becomes the primary agent of socialization. The family environment involves the circumstances and social climate conditions within families (Rao, 2012). Since each family is made up of different individuals in a different setting, each family environment is unique. The type of family environment a child is born into sets the limit for life’s adjustment (Isangedighi, 2011). It also provides the basis for one’s ability to function during different activities. In this study, divorced home or family is one in which the marriage between parents has been terminated as a result of some disagreements between the spouses. Divorce is the dissolution of bond of matrimony between married couples. It is the cancellation or reorganization of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage which can either be done legally (as in court or church) and customarily. Meyer (2016) defined divorce as a legal action between married people to end their marriage relationship before the death of either spouse. According to Emery (2013), divorce is the formal legal or socially sanctioned termination of marriage. It is seen by Rappaport (2013) as the end result of a marital dysfunction, discord that has been developing for some time. Since child and each family are obviously unique with different strengths and weakness parents and a variety of psychological outcomes are associated with parental divorce that leads to vulnerability in some adolescents (Strohschein, 2005). Yonmin, (2001) found out that adolescents who experienced their parents’ divorce or separation exhibit more academic, psychological, behavioural and drug related problems than children whose families remained intact. Barry, (2003) added that girls are mostly affected by these problems. Parents differ in how they try to control or socialize their child; and it depends on overall pattern of interaction rather than one single act that shapes child‟s behavior. Parenting or child rearing styles are parents‟ characteristic, consistent manner of interacting with their children across a wide range of everyday situations. Research on parenting styles has demonstrated their influence on children‟s developmental outcomes, including academic skills and achievement, aggression, altruism, understanding, moral internalization, motivation, peer relations, self-esteem, social skills and adjustment, substance abuse, and mental health. Parental Bonding typically refers to the process of attachment that develops between parents and children and this bond is characterized by emotions such as affection and trust. Delinquency, emotion regulation and Parenting Style and Parenting Practice. Family values, tradition, and expectations have a predominant effect on the development of children's talent and personality and on their creative productiveness as adults. There is an influence of family environment on the development of the children's talent and on their achievements and personal growth. Parenting styles that maintain support and bonding with the children and, at the same time, give them “emotional space ”and allow them to experience and cope with challenges, allow gifted children to achieve optimal adjustment. Manzano and Arranz(2008) note that analysing the influence of the family context on the development of gifted children requires the adoption of a contextual approach to investigate how family context variables are associated with the development of such children. According to the model developed by Arranz (2005), family context variables can be classified a sociological orinter active. The ecological refers to the settings in which development occurs, such as socioeconomic status or parental age (from the model of Bronfen-brenner, 1986, equivalent to the Exo-system variables). These influence the quality of the interaction but do not show a direct interaction between family members.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The assessment of family environment according to Bjornberg and Nicholson, (2007) is usually based on dimensions such as cohesion, support, conflict and hierarchy. Cohesion is the emotional bond that connects family members, meaning the level of affection, friendship and intimacy shared of great concern to this work is to investigate the relationship between family environment (cohesion and support), self-esteem of adolescent emotional and psychological adjustment. Family environment has been shown by various researchers to influence adolescents’ psychological adjustment, problem solving strategies as well as self-confidence and ability to clear goals. Research work carried out by Sharma, (2015) to find the effect of family climate on emotional-social adjustment. It is in view of this that the study intends to investigate the influence of parenting style, parental bond, family cohesion and self-esteem on the emotional adjustment of adolescent.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study has one main objective which is further divided into two, major objective and specific objectives; the major objective is to examine the influence of parenting style, parental bond, family cohesion and self-esteem on emotional adjustment of adolescent. The specific objectives are;
- i) To examine the effect of parenting style on adolescent emotional adjustment
- ii) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between parental bond and adolescent emotional adjustment
iii) To examine the effect of family cohesion on adolescent self-esteem
- iv) To examine the role of parental bond on adolescent self-esteem
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study
- i) Does parenting style have any effect on adolescent emotional adjustment?
- ii) Is there any significant relationship between parental bond and adolescent emotional adjustment?
iii) Does family cohesion has any effect on adolescent self-esteem?
- iv) Does parental bond play any role on adolescent self-esteem?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;
H0: There is no significant relationship between parental bond and adolescent emotional adjustment
H1: There is a significant relationship between parental bond and adolescent emotional adjustment
H0: family cohesion does not have any effect on adolescent self-esteem
H0: family cohesion does have an effect on adolescent self-esteem
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
There have been several researches conducted on influence of behavior on social relationship in and outside school environment. Sociologists, social psychologists and guidance counselors have carried out a lot of investigations on how human beings relate to one another, and how, parents use their knowledge (experiences and skills) in training their children (young one) to learn and relate well and the reasons and importance of such relationships. Since parents/ home is believed to be the first social contact of the child, it has a very important functions towards enhancing the social behavior and general adjustment in and outside school. Parenting styles or parent-child interactions also appear to influence children‟s social problem – solving orientations by teaching children strategies for initiating interactions (Petit, 1992). But the extent of the influence of parenting styles and parents‟ education on student's social adjustment is not clearly and specifically known. The finding of this research will help the parents, teachers and students to know clearly the extent of influence of parenting styles and parents education on social adjustment of senior secondary school students in Kaduna State.
The research findings will help the parents in knowing which type of parenting style influence social adjustment most and apply it in dealing with their children for better children social adjustment. The research findings will help the teachers to choose the best leadership style (i.e the autocratic, democratic or permissive} and apply it in their classroom management so as to help students in their process of social adjustment. The findings of this study help the students or children to bear with the type of parenting style use by their parents and adjust properly in their daily home and school activities. The recommendations that emerged from this study will also go a long way in helping the government to use teachers and school guidance counselors on minimizing students‟ social adjustments problem in our senior secondary schools and society in general.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the influence of parenting style, parental bond, family cohesion and self-esteem on emotional adjustment of adolescent, but in the course of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;
AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Parenting style
Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond to and make demands on their children. Parenting practices are specific behaviors, while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices
Parental bond
A paternal bond is the human bond between a father and his child Infants can become attached to their fathers. Mother-infant bonding has been a common focus in household research
Family cohesion
Family cohesion refers to the relationships and operational links between individuals who recognize each other as part of the same family unit.
Self-esteem
Self-esteem is an individual's subjective evaluation of their own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame.
Emotional adjustment
Emotional adjustment (also referred to as personal adjustment or psychological adjustment) is the maintenance of emotional equilibrium in the face of internal and external stressors. This is facilitated by cognitive processes of acceptance and adaptation.
Adolescence
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later.
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
