TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
1.8 Organization of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1 sources of data collection
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution
3.5 Validation of research instrument
3.6 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introductions
4.2 Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
Appendix
Abstract
The development of gullies and other forms of erosion have become the greatest environmental hazard and disaster rampant in southeastern Nigeria. Agricultural productivity, sustainability and management for food security/sustenance in this region has been undermined and greatly limited by the menace posed by soil erosion while availability of farmlands for agricultural production and construction activities have been greatly reduced by losses caused by the attendant issues of soil erosion. The rapid increase in urbanization without corresponding infrastructures in the city has led to increased incidences of flood as the available drainage channels cannot contend with the volume of storm water
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Cities the world over are the dominating forces in the organization of human population. As the world most crowded places, cities continue to show increase in urban population. This increase leads to a growing urbanization trend. Duru and Nnaji (2008) defined urbanization as the increase in the population of cities in proportion to the region‟s rural population. Urbanization is the outcome of social, economic and political developments that lead to concentration and growth of large cities, changes in land use and transformation from rural to metropolitan pattern of organization and governance. Rapid growth of towns and cities has been common feature of the developing world (Aderamo, 2008). Soils play an essential role for mankind because they provide the fundamental ecosystem services required for human life primarily for the production of food by providing the environment for plant growth (Sebastian et al., 2014). Soils provide the pathways through which water and nutrients move to the roots of plants, they are the matrix for nutrient transformations and environment for micro-organisms and fauna (Powlson et al., 2011). According to Dominati et al., (2010) soils provide provisioning, regulating and cultural services; presumably the most important provisioning service for human life supplied by soils through food production. As reported by FAO (2011), agriculture uses 11 % of the worlds land surface for crop production. Though soils are a non-renewable resource its capacity to meet required outputs, agricultural productivity and sustenance of food security is threatened as a result of continuous human exploitation thus causing soils to be degraded and deteriorated with all the natural species/ecosystem being endangered to destruction. Soil degradation which is a decline in the quality of soils to meet up with expected demands is greatly caused by problems like soil erosion, deforestation, desertification, poor crop management/agronomic practices and harsh climatic conditions. Soil erosion is considered to be a major environmental problem since it seriously threatens natural resources and the environment (Rahman et al., 2009). Soil erosion diminishes soil quality and reduces the productivity of natural, agricultural and forest ecosystem (Pimentel, 2006). To further buttress the strength of soil erosion according to Quinton (2014) soil erosion is a globally significant environmental process which degrades the soil upon which we rely on for food, fuel, clean water, carbon storage and substrates for building and infrastructure. As reported by Aksoy et al., 2009; Asdak 2009; Hacisalihoglu et al., 2010 and Gunawan et al., 2013, soil erosion is a natural process of soil material removal and transportation through the action of erosive agents such as water, wind, gravity and human disturbance. It is becoming clear that the transport of eroded material from land to water by overland flow via runoff is an important environmental problem promoting the eutrophication of surface waters, damaging freshwater ecosystems and causing microbial contamination of surface water sources (Sender et al., 2002). Soil loss by runoff is a severe ecological problem occupying 56 % of the worldwide area and is accelerated by human induced soil degradation (Bai et al., 2008; Gelagay and Minale, 2016). On a global scale erosion by water affects 1.1 billion hectares of soil worldwide thus representing 56 % of the total degraded land area while wind erosion affects 28 % of total degraded land area (Humberto and Lal, 2008). Soil erosion is a single major process responsible for the loss of billions of tones of soil worldwide (Ibitoye and Adegboyega, 2012) and it remains the world’s largest environmental problem threatening both plants and animals (Abegbunde et al., 2006). According to Okin (2002) over 65 % of the soil on the earth is said to have displayed degradation phenomena as a result of soil erosion, salinity and desertification. Soil erosion is a serious environmental, economic and social problem which not only causes severe land degradation and soil productivity loss but also threatens the stability and health of society in general and sustainable development of rural area in particular ( Tang, 2004; Zheng et al., 2004; Jing et al., 2005).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Worldwide, there has been a rapid growth in the number of people killed or seriously impacted by storms and floods and also in the amount of economic damage caused; a large and growing proportion of these impacts are in urban areas in low- and middle-income nations. For instance, in Nigeria, flooding affected more than three million people in selected urban areas between 1983 and 2009 (Environmental Management Disaster Database). Poor urban infrastructural development and planning is likely to have been a factor in much of this, but even if it was not, it is proof of the vulnerability of urban populations to floods and storms whose frequency and intensity is likely to increase in most places. Henderson (2004) revealed that the level of risk and vulnerability in urban areas of developing countries is attributable to socio-economic stress, aging and inadequate physical infrastructure. Indeed, according to Satterthwaite, Mark, Saleemul, Reid and Romero (2007), hundreds of millions of urban dwellers have no all-weather roads, no piped water supplies, no drains and no electricity supplies; they live in poor quality homes on illegally occupied or subdivided land, which inhibits any investment in more resilient buildings and often prevents infrastructure and service provision. A high proportion of this are tenants, with very limited capacities to pay for quality housing – and their landlords have no incentive to invest in better quality buildings. Most low-income urban dwellers face serious constraints in any possibility of moving to less dangerous sites, because of their need to be close to income-earning opportunities and because of the lack of alternative, well-located, safer sites.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study has one objective which is divided into general and specific objective;
The general objective are objective are to examine the prospect and challenges of drainage system for soil erosion control in Adikpo town Kwande LGA Benue State. The specific objectives are;
- i) To examine the challenge of drainage system in the control of soil erosion
- ii) To examine the effect of soil erosion on landed properties in Adikpo town Kwande LGA Benue State
iii) To examine if there is any significant relationship between drainage system and soil erosion control in Adikpo town Kwande LGA of Benue
- iv) To proffer suggested solution to the identified problem
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;
- i) Are there challenge of drainage system in the control of soil erosion in Adikpo town Kwande LGA Benue State?
- ii) Is there any effect of soil erosion on landed properties in Adikpo town Kwande LGA Benue State?
iii) Is there significant relationship between drainage system and soil erosion control in Adikpo town Kwande LGA of Benue?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the state ministry of environment as the study will aid in construction of proper drainage system, the study will also be of great importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the findings of the study will serve as a reference point to further studies, the study will also be of importance to academia's, students teachers and the general public as the findings will add to the pool of existing literature and also contribute to knowledge on the subject matter.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the prospect and the challenges of drainage system for soil erosion in Adikpo town Kwande LGA of Benue, but in the course of the study, there are some factors that limit the scope of the study;
- a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
- b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
- c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Drainage system
A drainage system is an arrangement to move liquids away from where they are not required for disposal in appropriate locations
Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice, snow, air, plants, animals, and humans
Erosion
In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location
Erosion control
Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, coastal areas, river banks and construction.
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
